FuTRES Ontology of Vertebrate Traits

• An observing process is distinguished from a specimen collecting process in by having an information content entity as an output rather than a specimen. The information artifact may be written or recorded or just be stored in someone's head (specifically depenedent upon that person). In the context of a taxonomic inventory, an observing process may be called a sighting, which is an ad hoc reporting of, typically, a single taxon occurrence, usually motivated by rarity, individual interest in the taxon, or atypicality of circumstances.

• A process in which a person or machine sees or detects a material entity and selects it as worthy of observation, and which has as output an information content entity about the selected material entity.

• An occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t.

• p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003])

• observing process ^c
• specimen collection process ^c

a quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [055-001])

The side of an organism that is left of the sagittal plane.

Consider merging with superior side.

Consider merging with inferior side.

• to be merged into CARO

• A 2D surface of an anatomical continuant.

• anterior surface ^c
• posterior surface ^c
• apical surface ^c
• basal surface ^c
• contralateral surface ^c
• proximal surface ^c
• distal surface ^c
• dorsal surface ^c
• ipsilateral surface ^c
• lateral surface ^c
• medial surface ^c
• ventral surface ^c

Fiat anatomical region extending a short distance from the boundary of an object inwards.

• anterior margin ^c
• posterior margin ^c
• apical margin ^c
• basal margin ^c
• proximal margin ^c
• distal margin ^c
• dorsal margin ^c
• lateral margin ^c
• medial margin ^c
• ventral margin ^c

The side of an organism that is right of the sagittal plane.

Sagittal plane that divides a bilateral body into unequal left and right parts.

• only in bilaterally symmetrical organisms

• Sagittal plane that divides bilateral body into equal left and right parts.

• Axis directions are defined in terms of axes.

• A straight line through space, intersecting an anatomical entity.

• upper-lower axis ^c
• deep-superficial axis ^c
• anterior-posterior axis ^c
• apical-basal axis relative to substrate ^c
• proximal-distal axis ^c
• dorsal-ventral axis ^c
• left-right axis ^c
• adaxial-abaxial axis ^c
• medial-external axis ^c
• oral-aboral axis ^c
• animal-vegetal axis ^c
• apical-basal axis relative to direction of growth ^c
• sagittal plane ^c

An anatomical axis determined by gravity.

• Muscles are frequently categorized as 'deep', 'intermediate', and 'superficial'.

• An axis that extends from an internal position to a more external position in the body or body part.

• In sponges, AP is used to indicate the direction of movement [in larval stage] (as it is in other metazoans that move, e.g., the basal bilaterians). [PM]

• An axis that extends through an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail.

An axis that extends through an organism or organism part from the part of the organism or organism part attached to a substrate (basal) to the furthest from the attachment (apical). Note that the apical-basal axis is often used for organismal parts where there is attachment via a basal lamina or other structure.

• In some communities, proximal and distal are used when specifying the position of parts of elements that are contained within the body, such as gill arches or vertebral spines. In these cases, use of the classes medial-lateral axis or medial-external axis are more appropriate.

• An axis that extends from the point of attachment of a structure (proximal) to the point furthest away from the plane of attachment (distal).

An axis that is approximately perpendicular to the anterior-posterior axis and that extends through the horizontal plane of the body.

An axis that bisects an organism from left to right sides of body, through a sagittal plane.

Anatomical plane that divides body into anterior and posterior parts.

Anatomical plane that divides bilateral body into dorsal and ventral parts.

The side that is higher relative to the substrate.

The side that is lower relative to the substrate.

Anatomical region that overlaps the anterior and dorsal regions of a body or body part.

• anterior region ^c
• dorsal region ^c

Anatomical region that overlaps the anterior and ventral regions of a body or body part.

• anterior region ^c
• ventral region ^c

Anatomical region that overlaps the posterior and lateral regions of the body or body part.

• posterior region ^c
• lateral region ^c

Anatomical region that overlaps the anterior and lateral regions of a body or body part.

• anterior region ^c
• lateral region ^c

Anatomical region that overlaps the posterior and dorsal regions of the body or body part.

• posterior region ^c
• dorsal region ^c

Anatomical region located deep within an organism or structure.

Anatomical region superficially located on the body or body part.

Anatomical region that overlaps the posterior and ventral regions of a body or body part.

• posterior region ^c
• ventral region ^c

Anatomical margin that is located on the antero-medial region of the body or body part.

• antero-medial region ^c
• anterior margin ^c
• medial margin ^c

Anatomical margin that is located on the antero-lateral region of the body or body part.

• antero-lateral region ^c
• anterior margin ^c
• lateral margin ^c

Anatomical margin that is located on the postero-medial region of the body or body part.

• postero-medial region ^c
• posterior margin ^c
• medial margin ^c

Anatomical margin that is located on the postero-lateral region of the body or body part.

• postero-lateral region ^c
• posterior margin ^c
• lateral margin ^c

Anatomical margin that is located on the dorso-medial region of the body or body part.

• dorso-medial region ^c
• dorsal margin ^c
• medial margin ^c

Anatomical margin that is located on the ventro-medial region of the body or body part.

• ventro-medial region ^c
• medial margin ^c
• ventral margin ^c

Anatomical region that overlaps the anterior and medial regions of the body or body part.

• anterior region ^c
• medial region ^c

An anatomical region bounded by a plane perpendicular to an axis through the middle.

• left side ^c
• upper side ^c
• lower side ^c
• deep side ^c
• superficial side ^c
• right side ^c
• superior side ^c
• inferior side ^c
• anterior side ^c
• posterior side ^c
• apical side ^c
• basal side ^c
• central side ^c
• contralateral side ^c
• proximal side ^c
• distal side ^c
• dorsal side ^c
• ipsilateral side ^c
• lateral side ^c
• medial side ^c
• ventral side ^c
• peripheral side ^c
• axial side ^c

An anatomical region that is the entire part of an anatomical structure anterior to a transverse plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane.

An anatomical region that is the entire part of an anatomical structure posterior to a transverse plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane.

Anatomical side that is located on the apical end of an organism or structure.

• The part of the organism attached to a substrate. Axis of symmetry.

• Anatomical side that is located on the basal end of an organism or structure.

• central is not an axis direction

• Anatomical side that is centrally located on an organism or structure.

• inherited from flybase cv. not clear how this would be used. Suggest we obsolete, and use the corresponding relation.

• On the opposite side.

Anatomical side that is distally located on an organism or structure.

An anatomical region that is the entire part of an anatomical structure dorsal to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane.

Anatomical region that overlaps the posterior and medial regions of the body or body part.

• posterior region ^c
• medial region ^c

• inherited from flybase cv. not clear how this would be used. Suggest we obsolete, and use the corresponding relation.

• On the same side

a point in the centre of the organism (where the left-right axis intersects the midsagittal plane)

An anatomical region that is the entire part of an anatomical structure ventral to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same horizontal plane.

Anatomical region that overlaps the dorsal and medial regions of the body or body part.

• dorsal region ^c
• medial region ^c

• to be merged into CARO

• A 3D region in space without well-defined compartmental boundaries; for example, the dorsal region of an ectoderm.

• anatomical margin ^c
• upper region ^c
• lower region ^c
• deep region ^c
• superficial region ^c
• anatomical side ^c
• anterior region ^c
• posterior region ^c
• apical region ^c
• basal region ^c
• central region ^c
• contralateral region ^c
• proximal region ^c
• distal region ^c
• dorsal region ^c
• ipsilateral region ^c
• lateral region ^c
• medial region ^c
• ventral region ^c
• peripheral region ^c
• axial region ^c

Anatomical region anteriorly located on the body or body part.

• antero-dorsal region ^c
• antero-ventral region ^c
• antero-lateral region ^c
• anterior-most region ^c
• antero-medial region ^c
• anterior margin ^c

Anatomical region posteriorly located on the body or body part.

• postero-lateral region ^c
• postero-dorsal region ^c
• postero-ventral region ^c
• posterior-most region ^c
• postero-medial region ^c
• posterior margin ^c

Anatomical region located on the apical end on the body or body part.

Anatomical region located basally on the body or body part.

Anatomical region centrally located on the body or body part.

inherited from flybase cv. not clear how this would be used

Anatomical region proximally located on the body or body part.

Anatomical region distally located on the body or body part.

Anatomical region dorsally located on the body or body part.

• antero-dorsal region ^c
• postero-dorsal region ^c
• dorsal-most region ^c
• dorso-medial region ^c
• dorso-lateral region ^c
• dorsal margin ^c

Anatomical region that overlaps the dorsal and lateral regions of a body or body part.

• dorsal region ^c
• lateral region ^c

Anatomical region laterally located on the body or body part.

• postero-lateral region ^c
• antero-lateral region ^c
• dorso-lateral region ^c
• ventro-lateral region ^c
• lateral margin ^c

Anatomical region medially located on the body or body part.

• antero-medial region ^c
• postero-medial region ^c
• dorso-medial region ^c
• ventro-medial region ^c
• medial margin ^c

Anatomical region ventrally located on the body or body part.

• antero-ventral region ^c
• postero-ventral region ^c
• ventral-most region ^c
• ventro-lateral region ^c
• ventro-medial region ^c
• ventral margin ^c

• This is an example of a composition of two axis positions.

• Anatomical region that overlaps the ventral and lateral regions of a body or body part.

• lateral region ^c
• ventral region ^c

to be merged into CARO

• anterior compartment ^c
• compartment boundary ^c
• dorsal compartment ^c
• posterior compartment ^c
• ventral compartment ^c

to be merged into CARO

• upper/lower compartment boundary ^c
• deep/superficial compartment boundary ^c
• apical/basal compartment boundary ^c
• proximal/distal compartment boundary ^c
• anterior/posterior compartment boundary ^c
• dorsal/ventral compartment boundary ^c

The region corresponding to the ventral region of the entity, towards the midline.

• medial region ^c
• ventral region ^c

Anatomical region peripherally located on the body or body part.

An anatomical axis that extends from the side of the anatomical entity that is closer to an axis (adaxial) to the side that is further from the same axis (abaxial).

• The medial-external axis could apply to a sphere-shaped body.

• An anatomical axis that extends from the center of the body outwards or externally.

• medial-radial axis ^c
• medial-lateral axis ^c

• In plants, lateral growth (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0080190) run is along the medial/radial axis (from medial to radial) [RW]. Also applies to radially symmetrical animals such as sea urchins, cnidarians [PM] or applies to more-or-less cylindrical body parts in animals, like limbs.

• An anatomical axis that is perpendicular to an apical/basal axis or proximal/distal axis and extends from the center of an axis (shoot axis or root in the case of plants) to any point on the exterior of the axis.

An axis that extends from the oral opening to the furthest point in an organism that is directly opposite.

An axis that extends from the animal end of an egg or early embryo to the opposite, vegetal end. In animals with yolk-bearing eggs, the vegetal end is the yolk bearing pole. (pertains to animals only - both vertebrate and invertebrate embryos).

• Plant structures that do not grow from an apical meristem, such as vascular leaves or petals, should be described using the proximal-distal axis. The proximal-distal axis may also be used for branches or lateral roots, and, in those cases, is concordant with the apical-basal axis.

• An axis of a plant structure that is determined by the direction of apical growth, either by an apical meristem or an apical cell. Apical is toward the direction of apical growth: toward the tip of a growing shoot axis, root, thallus, or non-vascular leaf. Basal is away from the direction of apical growth: toward the root-shoot junction in the case of the primary root or stem, toward the primary root or stem for higher order roots or branches, toward the point of attachment for non-vascular leaves, and toward the original point of growth (as determined in the embryo) for thalli.

• Need to add logical definitions.

• Anatomical plane that is perpendicular to a radial plane.

• Need to add logical definitions.

• Anatomical plane that follows the two dimensions specified by an apical-basal axis relative to direction of growth and a medial-lateral axis.

Anatomical surface that is located on the anterior side of the body or body part.

Anatomical surface that is located on the posterior side of the body or body part.

Anatomical surface that is located on the apical side of the body or body part.

Anatomical surface that is located on the basal side of the body or body part.

Anatomical surface that is located on the proximal side of the body or body part.

Anatomical surface that is located on the distal side of the body or body part.

Anatomical surface that located on the dorsal side of the body or body part.

Anatomical surface that is located on the same side of an organism or structure.

Anatomical surface that located on the lateral side of the body or body part.

Anatomical surface that located on the medial side of the body or body part.

Anatomical surface that is located on the ventral side of the body or body part.

• These anatomical sections are applicable to most bilaterally symmetrical animals, but bipedal animals such as humans have more complex usage of these terms. For example, in post-embryonic humans a coronal plane is vertical and a transverse plane is horizontal, but for embryos and quadrupeds a coronal plane is horizontal and a transverse plane is vertical.

• A flat 2D plane intersecting an anatomical continuant, dividing it into two adjacent portions.

• transverse plane ^c
• horizontal plane ^c
• tangential plane ^c
• radial plane ^c
• sagittal plane ^c

Anatomical plane that divides a bilateral body into left and right parts, not necessarily of even size.

• anatomical axis ^c
• anatomical plane ^c

• parasagittal plane ^c
• midsagittal plane ^c

Anatomical margin that is located on the anterior side of a body or body part.

• anatomical margin ^c
• anterior region ^c

• antero-medial margin ^c
• antero-lateral margin ^c
• antero-dorsal margin ^c
• antero-ventral margin ^c

Anatomical margin that is located on the posterior side of the body or body part.

• anatomical margin ^c
• posterior region ^c

• postero-medial margin ^c
• postero-lateral margin ^c
• postero-dorsal margin ^c
• postero-ventral margin ^c

Anatomical margin that is located on the apical side of the body or body part.

• anatomical margin ^c
• apical region ^c

Anatomical margin that is located on the basal side of the body or body part.

• anatomical margin ^c
• basal region ^c

Anatomical margin that is located on the proximal region of the body or body part.

• anatomical margin ^c
• proximal region ^c

Anatomical margin that is located on the distal side of the body or body part.

• anatomical margin ^c
• distal region ^c

Anatomical margin that is located on the dorsal side of body or body part.

• anatomical margin ^c
• dorsal region ^c

• dorso-medial margin ^c
• dorso-lateral margin ^c
• antero-dorsal margin ^c
• postero-dorsal margin ^c

Anatomical margin that is located on the dorso-lateral region of the body or body part.

• dorso-lateral region ^c
• dorsal margin ^c
• lateral margin ^c

Anatomical margin that is located on the lateral side of the body or body part.

• anatomical margin ^c
• lateral region ^c

• antero-lateral margin ^c
• postero-lateral margin ^c
• dorso-lateral margin ^c
• ventro-lateral margin ^c

Anatomical margin that is located on the medial side of the body or body part.

• anatomical margin ^c
• medial region ^c

• antero-medial margin ^c
• postero-medial margin ^c
• dorso-medial margin ^c
• ventro-medial margin ^c

Anatomical margin that is located on the ventral side of the body or body part.

• anatomical margin ^c
• ventral region ^c

• ventro-medial margin ^c
• ventro-lateral margin ^c
• antero-ventral margin ^c
• postero-ventral margin ^c

• This is an example of a composition of two axis positions

• Anatomical margin that is located on the ventro-lateral region of the body or body part.

• ventro-lateral region ^c
• lateral margin ^c
• ventral margin ^c

Anatomical margin that is located on the antero-dorso region of the body or body part.

• antero-dorsal region ^c
• anterior margin ^c
• dorsal margin ^c

Anatomical margin that is located on the postero-dorsal region of the body or body part.

• postero-dorsal region ^c
• posterior margin ^c
• dorsal margin ^c

Anatomical margin that is located on the antero-ventral region of the body or body part.

• antero-ventral region ^c
• anterior margin ^c
• ventral margin ^c

Anatomical margin that is located on the postero-ventral region of the body or body part.

• postero-ventral region ^c
• posterior margin ^c
• ventral margin ^c

• Properly, the ML axis is a half axis; practically, its usage is less clumsy and less linguistically biased than "left-right". The terms may still be used relatively to describe locations along the LR axis. The gills are medial to the operculum, but lateral to the heart.

• An axis that extends from the center of organism to one or other side.

• Note that the definition does not say 'generated exclusively by the co-ordinated expression of the organism's own genome', so this is still valid for cases where normal morphogenesis requires the actions of a facultative symbiont, or some looser dependency such as the a requirement for the presence of gut flora for normal gut development.

• Material anatomical entity that is a single connected structure with inherent 3D shape generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome.

• anatomical region ^c
• anatomical compartment ^c

A one dimensional, immaterial anatomical entity.

A non-material anatomical entity of two dimensions. Anatomical boundaries are contiguous structures.

• anatomical surface ^c
• anatomical compartment boundary ^c
• anatomical plane ^c

• This is measured from the snout to the end of the tail along the anterior-posterior axis in four-legged vertebrates.

• The length of a body that includes the tail.

• This is measured from the snout to before the tail, usually ending at the anus in four-legged vertebrates.

• The length of a body that excludes a tail.

• A length measurement of a hindfoot that includes the nail.

• The length of a hindfoot that includes the nail.

The length of a hindfoot that excludes the nail.

The length of a line of an ear from a helix of the outer ear to an intertragus insicusure of an ear.

The length from a lateral condyle of femur to a greater trochanter of a femur.

The length from a trochlea of a humerus to a proximal head of a humerus (caput).

The length from a trochlea of a humerus to a ventral tubercle (greater tubercle) of a humerus.

The length of the lateral side of an astragalus (talus) along the proximal-distal axis.

The length of the medial side of an astragalus (talus) along the proximal-distal axis.

• The points for this measurement are the medial-most point on the articular surface for the calcaneum on the astragalus (talus) to the lateral-most point of the trochleated head of an astragalus (talus).

• The length an astragalus head (distal articular facet, facet for the navicular) along the medial-lateral axis.

• This measurement is perpendicular to the astragalus distal articular breadth measurement.

• The length of an astragalus head (distal articular facet, facet for the navicular).

• talus size trait ^c
• depth ^c

The length of an astragalus (talus) along the proximal-distal axis.

• talus size trait ^c
• length ^c

• astragalus lateral length ^c
• astragalus medial length ^c
• trochlea tali length ^c
• length of astragalus along the midline ^c

The width of an astragalus (talus) along the medial-lateral axis.

• talus size trait ^c
• width ^c

• astragalus distal articular breadth ^c
• astragalus distal breadth ^c
• astragalus trochlea breadth ^c

The maximal length of a calcaneus along the anterior-posterior axis.

• calcaneus size ^c
• length ^c

• This measurement is taken from the lateral side of the middle articular facet for talus of calcaneus to the medial side of the curboid facet of calcaneum.

• The length of a distal end of a caclcaneus along the medial-lateral axis.

• calcaneus size ^c
• width ^c

The length of the lateral side of a tibia along the proximal-distal axis.

The length of a tooth row.

• upper tooth row length ^c
• lower tooth row length ^c
• premolar tooth row length ^c
• upper premolar tooth row length ^c
• upper molar tooth row length ^c
• upper left tooth row length ^c
• molar tooth 1-2 length ^c
• molar tooth 1-3 length ^c
• molar tooth 1-4 length ^c
• premolar tooth 4 to molar tooth 3 length ^c
• upper primary premolar tooth 4 to molar tooth 3 length ^c
• lower primary premolar tooth 4 to molar tooth 3 length ^c
• canine tooth to premolar tooth 3 length ^c
• upper secondary canine tooth to premolar tooth 3 length ^c
• lower secondary canine tooth to premolar tooth 3 length ^c

Body length from tip of nose (snout) to cloaca.

• This measurement is often taken in bats.

• The length of a line of an ear from a helix of the outer ear to a tragus of an ear.

The length of a distal epiphysis of a tibia along the medial-lateral axis.

• distal epiphysis of tibia quality ^c
• tibia width ^c

The length of a distal epiphysis of a tibia along the anterior-posterior axis.

• distal epiphysis of tibia quality ^c
• tibia size trait ^c
• depth ^c

The length of a proximal epiphysis of a tibia along the medial-lateral axis.

• proximal epiphysis of tibia size ^c
• tibia width ^c

The length of a proximal epiphysis of a tibia along the anterior-posterior axis.

• proximal epiphysis of tibia size ^c
• tibia size trait ^c
• depth ^c

The length of a diaphysis of a tibia along the medial-lateral axis.

• diaphysis size ^c
• tibia width ^c

The length of a diaphysis of a tibia along the anterior-posterior axis.

• diaphysis size ^c
• tibia size trait ^c
• depth ^c

The length of the medial side of a tibia along the proximal-distal axis.

The circumference of a diaphysis of a tibia.

• diaphysis size ^c
• tibia size trait ^c
• circumference ^c

The length of a proximal epiphysis of a femur along the medial-lateral axis.

• proximal epiphysis of femur size ^c
• femur width ^c

The length of the lesser trochanter of femur along the medial-lateral axis.

• lesser trochanter size ^c
• femur width ^c

The length of a head of femur along the anterior-posterior axis.

• head of femur size ^c
• femur size trait ^c
• depth ^c

The length of a diaphysis of femur along the medial-lateral axis.

• diaphysis size ^c
• femur width ^c

The circumference of the diaphysis of a femur.

• diaphysis size ^c
• femur circumference ^c

The length of a distal epiphysis of a femur along the medial-lateral axis.

• distal epiphysis of femur size ^c
• femur width ^c

The length of a proximal epiphysis of a femur along the anterior-posterior axis.

• proximal epiphysis of femur size ^c
• femur size trait ^c
• depth ^c

The length of a distal epiphysis of a femur along the anterior-posterior axis.

• distal epiphysis of femur size ^c
• femur size trait ^c
• depth ^c

The length of the medial condyle (trochlea) of a femur along the medial-lateral axis.

• distal epiphysis of femur quality ^c
• femur width ^c

The length of a diaphysis of femur along the anterior-posterior axis.

• diaphysis size ^c
• femur size trait ^c
• depth ^c

The length of a diaphysis of humerus along the medial-lateral axis.

• humerus diaphysis size ^c
• humerus width ^c

• This is often measured at the epicondyles.

• The length of a proximal epiphysis of a humerus along the medial-lateral axis.

• proximal epiphysis of humerus quality ^c
• humerus width ^c

The length of a trochlea of a humerus along the medial-lateral axis.

• distal epiphysis of humerus quality ^c
• humerus width ^c

The length of a distal epiphysis of a humerus along the anterior-posterior axis.

• distal epiphysis of humerus quality ^c
• humerus size trait ^c
• depth ^c

• This is measured at the level of the median tubercle.

• The length of a proximal epiphysis of a humerus along the anterior-posterior axis.

• proximal epiphysis of humerus quality ^c
• humerus size trait ^c
• depth ^c

• This is often measured across the distal trochlea.

• The length of a distal epiphysis of a humerus along the medial-lateral axis.

• distal epiphysis of humerus quality ^c
• humerus width ^c

The length of the diaphysis of a humerus along the anterior-posterior axis.

• humerus diaphysis size ^c
• humerus size trait ^c
• depth ^c

The length of the lateral side of an astragalus (talus) along the anterior-posterior axis.

• talus size trait ^c
• depth ^c

The length of the medial side of an astragalus (talus) along the anterior-posterior axis.

• talus size trait ^c
• depth ^c

The length of the distal end of an astragalus (talus) along the medial-lateral axis.

The length of the trochlea tali (medial condyle) of an astragulas (talus) along the proximal-distal axis.

The length of the trochlea of an astragalus (talus) along the medial-lateral axis.

• This measurement is from the posterior articular facet for talus of calcaneus to calcaneal tuber.

• The length of the proximal end of a calcaneus along the anterior-posterior axis.

• The anterior-most feature is the tubercle of calcaneus.

• The length of a distal end of a caclcaneus along the anterior-posterior axis.

• calcaneus size ^c
• depth ^c

The mass of a multicellur organism after removing internal organs.

The mass of a multicellular organism after being skinned.

The mass of a multicellur organism skeletal elements (i.e., bones) without skin, internal organs, or other soft tissue.

The mass of a mutlicellular organism after being both gutted (i.e., internal organs removed) and skinned.

The length of a testis.

• gonad length ^c
• testes size trait ^c

• right testis length ^c
• left testis length ^c

The length of a testis on the right side.

The length of a testis on the left side.

The length of a gonad.

• gonad size ^c
• length ^c

• testis length ^c
• ovary length ^c

• This measurement is from lateral tuberosity to lateral border of the trochlea.

• The length of the lateral side of a humerus along the proximal-distal axis.

The length of an ovary.

• gonad length ^c
• ovary size trait ^c

• right ovary length ^c
• left ovary length ^c

The length of an ovary on the right side.

The length of an ovary on the left side.

The length of the anterior tibial tuberosity (fossa digitalis) along the anterior-posterior axis.

• proximal epiphysis of tibia quality ^c
• tibia length ^c

The length of the trochlear sulcus (trochlear groove) of a humerus along the proximal-distal axis.

• humerus size trait ^c
• depth ^c

The length of the distal medial trochlea of a humerus along the proximal-distal axis.

• distal epiphysis of humerus quality ^c
• humerus size trait ^c
• depth ^c

The length of the sagittal crest of a trochlea of a humerus along the proximal-distal axis.

• distal epiphysis of humerus quality ^c
• humerus size trait ^c
• depth ^c

The length from a head of femur (caput) to a lateral condyle of femur.

The length of an olecranon of an ulna along the proximal-distal axis.

The length of the humeral facet of an ulna along the medial-lateral axis.

• ulna size ^c
• width ^c

• Olecranon depth is often measured at the epicondyles.

• The length of an olecranon of an ulna along the anterior-posterior axis.

• ulna size ^c
• depth ^c

The length of the lateral side of an ulna along the proximal-distal axis.

The length of the humeral facet of an ulna along the anterior-posterior axis.

• ulna size ^c
• depth ^c

• This measurement is from the astragalus head (distal articular facet for the navicular) to sulcus tali.

• The length along the midline of an astragalus (talus) along the proximal-distal axis.

• This is the narrowest section of the calcaneus.

• The length of a calcaneal body along the medial-lateral axis.

• calcaneus size ^c
• width ^c

The length of the proximal end of a calcaneus along the medial-lateral axis.

• calcaneus size ^c
• width ^c

The length of the proximal end of a calcaneus from a lateral tubercle of calcaneus to a medial tubercle of calcaneus.

• calcaneus size ^c
• depth ^c

The length of a calcaneal body along the anterior-posterior axis.

• calcaneus size ^c
• depth ^c

The length of the medial side of a radius along the proximal-distal axis.

The length of the lateral side of a radius along the proximal-distal axis.

The length of a diaphysis of a radius along the medial-lateral axis.

• radius bone size ^c
• diaphysis size ^c
• diaphysis of radius quality ^c
• width ^c

The length of a diaphysis of a radius along the anterior-posterior axis.

• radius bone size ^c
• diaphysis size ^c
• diaphysis of radius quality ^c
• depth ^c

The length of an articular surface on the proximal end of a radius that interacts with the humerus along the medial-lateral axis.

• radius bone size ^c
• width ^c

The length of an articular surface on the proximal end of a radius that interacts with a humerus along the anterior-posterior axis.

• radius bone size ^c
• depth ^c

The length of a proximal epiphysis of a radius along the medial-lateral axis.

• radius bone size ^c
• proximal epiphysis of radius quality ^c
• width ^c

The width along the medial-lateral axis of the distal end of a radius.

• radius bone size ^c
• distal epiphysis of radius quality ^c
• width ^c

The length of the articular surface on the distal end of a radius that interacts with the carpals along the anterior-posterior axis.

• radius bone size ^c
• distal epiphysis of radius quality ^c
• depth ^c

• This is often measured across the epicondyles.

• The length of a distal epiphysis of a radius along the medial-lateral axis.

• radius bone size ^c
• distal epiphysis of radius size ^c
• width ^c

The length of a radius from the proximal articular surface to the distal articular surface.

The circumference of a diaphysis of a radius.

• radius bone size ^c
• diaphysis size ^c
• diaphysis of radius quality ^c
• circumference ^c

The length of a fused metatarsal bones 3 and 4 along the proximal-distal axis.

• fused metapodial bones 3 and 4 length ^c
• metacarpal bone length ^c

The length of a metapodial bone.

• metapodial bone of digit 2 length ^c
• fused metapodial bones 3 and 4 length ^c
• metapodial bone of digit 4 length ^c
• metapodial bone of digit 5 length ^c
• metapodial bone of digit 3 length ^c
• metacarpal bone length ^c
• metatarsal bone length ^c

The length of a metapodial bone of digit 2.

The length of fused metapodial bones 3 and 4.

The length of a metapodial bone of digit 4.

The length of a metapodial bone of digit 5.

The length of a metapodial bone of digit 3.